Ovarian Cancer: Understanding the Basics

What is Cancer?

Cancer occurs when cells in a part of the body begin to divide uncontrollably and grow rapidly. Unlike normal cells, which have a defined life cycle, cancer cells continue to multiply without dying. This unchecked growth can lead to the formation of tumours and the spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body. The exact triggers for this change in cell behaviour are not always clear. Some cancers are linked to inherited genetic mutations, making family members more likely to develop certain types, such as breast and prostate cancer. Other potential causes include exposure to harmful radiation, unhealthy lifestyle habits, and more. As these aggressive cells multiply, they can invade nearby organs (local spread) and travel through the lymphatic system or bloodstream to distant organs, commonly the lungs (metastasis). Cancer can affect any organ in the body.

What is the Ovary?

The ovaries are a key part of the female reproductive system. Women are typically born with two ovaries, located in the pelvis near the fallopian tubes and uterus. The ovaries have several important functions, including producing female hormones, storing and releasing eggs for fertilization, and supporting the early stages of pregnancy.

Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer, like many other cancers, often shows no signs or symptoms in its early stages. Because the ovaries have space to expand within the abdominal cavity, the cancer can grow undetected until it reaches a more advanced stage. When symptoms do occur, they are often vague and easily overlooked. However, other conditions can also cause similar symptoms, such as:

• Abdominal bloating
• Loss of appetite
• Feeling full quickly after eating
• Fatigue
• Nausea
• Constipation
• Frequent urination
• Pelvic discomfort
• Back pain
• Excessive vaginal discharge
• Abnormal vaginal bleeding
• Post-menopausal bleeding
• Unexplained weight loss

It's important not to ignore any of these symptoms. If you notice one or more of them, seek medical advice promptly.

Causes of Ovarian Cancer

The precise cause of ovarian cancer is not fully understood, but several risk factors have been identified:

• Age – Older women are at higher risk.
• Family history – A family history of ovarian cancer increases your risk.
• Obesity – Being overweight or obese is a known risk factor.
• Hormone replacement therapy – Long-term use may increase risk.
• Endometriosis – A condition where tissue similar to the lining inside the uterus grows outside it.
• Never having been pregnant – Women who have never been pregnant may have a higher risk.

Prevention

While there is no guaranteed way to prevent ovarian cancer, maintaining a healthy lifestyle is generally advised as a proactive approach.

Investigations

If ovarian cancer is suspected, your healthcare provider may recommend several diagnostic tests, including:

• Ultrasound
• MRI
• CT scan
• PET scan
• Blood tests
• Biopsy

The ovary contains different types of cells, any of which can become cancerous. Once diagnosed, your medical provider will guide you on the best treatment approach based on the specific type and stage of the cancer.

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